Electricity, Magnetism & Light
part II, the 19th century

William Gilbert (1544-1603)
earth a giant magnet

Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827)
mechanical universe based on Newton's laws

Coulomb's law (1785)
(attraction & repulsion)

Hans Christian Ørsted
André-Marie Ampère (1820)
(electricity = magnetism)

Michael Faraday (England, 1791-1867)
field theory (1852)
line of force ( = line of induction [Maxwell])

1821 - electric magnetic rotation apparatus (motor)
1831 - induction - coil + magnet + motion = current
generator

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79)

fields & waves

Technology

• Telegraph
  • 1833 - Göttingen (Gauss & Weber)
  • 1837 - England, patent
  • 1844 - U.S., Morse & Vail
  • 1851 - English Channel cable
  • Transatlantic cable
• War of the Currents
  • Thomas A. Edison - DC
  • Westinghouse - AC
    • Niagara Falls Power Co., 1893

Progress?
Cyberspace Independence