Untitled Document

A New Understanding of Life

Macroscopic change (Natural History)

Linnaeus, Systema Naturae (10th ed., 1758) - classification, binomial: Homo sapiens
Georges Cuvier - species, extinction
J.-B. Lamarck - continuity, transmutation

Origin of Species (1859)
- mechanisms
  - struggle for existence
  - random variation among siblings
  - ==> natural selection
- ecosystems
- time / snapshot
Descent of Man (1871)

U.S. policy

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
14th Amendment, 1868
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
Tennessee Butler Act, 1925
Virginia Racial Integrity Act, 1924

Evolutionary anthropology

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1727)

microscope
neutron tomography (of Van Leeuwenhoek's microscope itself)

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Micrographia, 1665 (p.113 - cork)
- p.1, compound microscope

Industrial revolution
population increase (think Malthus [1798])

	England	France	Germany
1800	10 million	27 million	25 million
1850	21 million
1900	36 million	40 million	50 million
2000	60 million	60 million	80 million

Deaths per 1000 people per year

1850	~ 35 per 1000 per year
1890	~ 28 "
1940	~ 18 "
2007	U.S. = 8 " UK = 10 "

increase of urban populations

population increase,1830s
- London - 130,000
- Manchester - 70,000
- Birmingham - 40,000
population increase, 1840s
- Paris, 125,000, 1841-46
- Vienna, 125,000, 1827-47
- Berlin, 180,000, 1815-48

Public health - tuberculosis / cholera

housing
pavement
water / sewer

microbiology to the rescue

cells
- Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1804-1881)
  - not classification but material structure
  - cytoplast (in plants)
- Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)
  - cytoplast (in animals)
- Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow (1821-1902)
  - mechanism of cell propagation
  - pathology - specific location within cells of disease
germs
- Robert Koch – tuberculosis bacillus
- Louis Pasteur – germ theory
- Joseph Lister – antiseptics

Genetics

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden," Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brün 4 (1866): 3-47.
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945), The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity (1915).
- Drosophila melanogaster
- chromosomes

X-Ray crystallography
Bragg (1862-1942) & Bragg (1890-1971)

nλ = 2d sinθ

University of Chicago - 1953
Harold Urey (1883-1981) & Stanley Miller (1930-2007)

King's College, London - 1952
Rosalind Franklin & Raymond Gosling
Maurice Wilkins, A.R. Stokes, & H.R. Wilson
James Watson & Francis Crick (Cambridge)
Watson & Crick model

1958 - Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl

1990-2003 - Human Genome Project

mitocondrial DNA (mtDNA) - female
Y-chromosome (NRY) - male