Galileo

• 1609 - telescope
• 1610 - Siderius Nuntius (moons of Jupiter) + to Florence
• 1615 - Letter to the Grand Duchess of Florence (Christina of Lorraine)
• 1632 - Dialogue concerning the Two World Systems (Ptolemaic and Copernican)

orthodoxy
heresy (not error per se, but persistence in it despite correction)

inerrancy
literal interpretation
Council of Trent (1540-60)

new doctrine

• sun fixed (177)
• earth moves
• Theology serves physics (194)

new priesthood (of mathematicians)
accommodation
sola natura (cf. sola scriptura)

Ancient Greek Natural Philosophy

Periodization

• Ancient
  • Greece
    • Pre-Socratic
      • Thales of Melitus (ca. 585 B.C.)
      • Pythagoras of Samos (ca. 525 B.C.)
      • Xenophanes of Colophon (ca. 520 B.C.)
    • Classical
      • Socrates (d. 399 B.C.)
      • Plato (first 1/2 of 4c B.C.)
      • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
    • Hellenistic
      • Alexander the Great (d. 323 B.C.)
  • Rome
• Medieval
• Modern

Problems

• earthquakes, e.g.
• mathematics

Methods

• discovery of nature
• rational criticism & debate

Cosmology

Milesians

• Thales - water
• Anaximander - the Boundless
• Anaximenes - air

Pythagoreans - form

• mathematical
• harmony

Heraclitus (ca. 500) - fire

• permanent change, "becoming"

Problems

• One vs. Many
• Permanence vs. Change

Eleatics

• Parmenides (ca. 480)
• Zeno (ca. 445)

Elements / essences

• Empedocles (ca. 445)
• Hippocrates (ca. 430) - humoral theory

Astronomy

• Plato
• Eudoxus (ca. 365)
• Callipus (ca. 330)
• Aristotle (384-322)

place (Great Chain of Being)
earth, sublunary realm
transmutation

Plato (ca. 428 - ca. 348 B.C.E.)
allegory of the cave

• planets < planaomai (the wanderers)
• zodiac
• ecliptic

Apollonius of Perga (262-190 B.C.E.), Conics

• eccentric

Ptolemy (A.D./C.E. 100-160), Almagest

• equant
• epicyclic

techne - Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212)