Absolute Monarchy, Assimilation & the problem of the Huguenots
or, Why was toleration so difficult?

Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Münster (Catholics, incl. Habsburgs and France)
Osnabrück (Protestants, incl. Sweden)

• Territorial sovereignty
• Land restored to whoever held it in 1624
• Jus reformandi (right to religious reform)
• Right to emigrate

underpopulation

New territory
Sweden - Bremen-Verden + Finland, Lapland, Pomerania
France - Rhineland
HRE - Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia
England - United Kingdom of England, Scotland and Ireland (1707)

Methods of Assimilation

• suppress rival religious institutions
• mandatory church attendance
• infrastructure - buildings
• schools

St. John Nepomuk, canonized 1729
Jacobite revolts (Scotland < James II)
baroque

France - La Réfuge
1598 - Edict of Nantes
Louis XIV (1643-1715)
dragonnades
1685 - Edict of Fontainebleau (revokes Nantes)

Huguenots

• heretics (schismatics)
• enthusiasts (fanatics)
• republicans
  • Roman
  • Germanic
  • Florence (esp. 15c)
  • Dutch (since 1609)
  • English (1688)

one faith, one law, one king
une foi, une loi, un roi