Industrial revolution and19c politics
Age of Revolutions
French/republican
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
| liberty | political | rule of law republicanism freedom of... |
| economic | property |
public opinion > public sphere
Intelligencer
Tatler
Economic?
bourgeoisie
capital
Industrial
| Textiles | 1733 - flying shuttle 1760s - spinning jenny 1770s - spinning mills 1793 - cotton gin |
| Steam engine | 1769 (by James Watt) |
| Mining |
|
Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus (1834)
"Produce! Produce!
Were it but the pitifullest infinitesimal fraction of a Product, produce it,
in God's name!
'Tis the utmost thou hast in thee: out with it, then.
Up, up! Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy whole might.
Work while it is called To-day;
for the Night cometh, wherein no man can work."
Agricultural
machines
crop rotation
new species
management
Rise in Population
| England | France | Germany | |
| 1800 | 10 million | 27 million | 25 million |
| 1850 | 21 million | ||
| 1900 | 36 million | 40 million | 50 million |
| 2000 | 60 million | 60 million | 80 million |
Deaths per 1000 people per year
| 1850 | ~ 35 per 1000 per year |
| 1890 | ~ 28 " |
| 1940 | ~ 18 " |
| 2007 | U.S. = 8 " |
increase of urban populations
Public health - tuberculosis / cholera
sanitation as public order
City as a showcase of national achievement
Middle Class
professions, education
consumerism
Politics
Social Democracy
National Socialism