From European Destruction to European Union

Würzburg, firestorm March 16, 1945

• Dresden, Feb. 13, 1945
• Hamburg, July 1943 (first attempt)

Nie wieder Krieg!
Nie wieder Faschismus!

Steel = iron + coal

Saar - Sarre - Saarland
Lorraine
Ruhr Gebiet (= "region")
Silesia - Schlesien

U.S. Great Lakes
iron ore
Appalachian range
coal

European Coal & Steel Cooperative

• France
• Germany
• Italy
• Belgium
• Netherlands
• Luxemburg

1957 - Treaty of Rome
"European Economic Community"

1985, Schengen (open borders)
1991-1993, Maastricht - "European Union"
1999-2002, monetary union

2017 - Brexit

Europe as a civilization

• Greece
• Rome
• Middle Ages
• Renaissance-Reformation-Enlightenment