Conflict of Empire and Papacy

Investiture Controversy, 1077 - 1122
bishop

• elected by congregation
• confirmed by king, invested with
  • ring (spiritual)
  • staff (temporal)

Cluny - reform, post-910

• simony < Simon Magus (Acts 8)
• clerical marriage

Pope Gregory VII (1073 - 1085)
dictus papae

• the pope himself may be judged by no one
• the pope may be permitted even to depose emperors
• no bishop or abbot should receive investiture from a lay ruler

Emperor Henry IV
Concordat of Worms, 1122

• Emperor invests bishop with staff (temporal authority)
• Pope invests bishop with ring (spiritual authority)

Diplomacy

• courts
• letters
• legates

Innocent III (1198 - 1216)

Growth of National Monarchy

• "feudalism"
  • homage
  • service
    
• England
  • Knud, d.1042
  • Edward "the Confessor," d.1066
  • Harold Godwinson
  • William, duke of Normandy, "the Conqueror"
    • 1066, Battle of Hastings

Alix (Champagne) = Louis VII (France) = Eleanore (Aquitaine) = Henry II (England)
                 ______|____                  ___|___                     ____|____
                |                     |                 |            |                    |                 |
             Philip II        Agnes         Marie     Alix            Richard I       John

Crusades
armed pilgrimage

1. 1095 - 1101 (Jerusalem)
2. 1140s (Levant)
3. 1190s (Jerusalem)
4. 1204 (Byzantium)
5. ca. 1220 (Damietta, Egypt)

Byzantium
Turks

John I (and only), king of England
1215, Magna Carta

• parliament (tax)
• due process (jury)
• limited monarchy

University

• Paris
• Oxford
• Bologna

Scholasticism
disputation

• Philosophy
• Theology
• Medicine
• Law
  • Gratian, Decretum (ca. 1140), or Concordia discordantium canonicum

Canon Law
Roman Law
English Common Law - Magna Carta (1215)
bureaucracy

Trade / Economy

• long-distance trade
• lively economy

Spirituality

• Gothic style
• mendicant orders
  • Franciscans
  • Dominican