Growth of National Monarchy

• "feudalism"
  • homage
  • service
    
• England
  • Knud, d.1042
  • Edward "the Confessor," d.1066
  • Harold Godwinson
  • William, duke of Normandy, "the Conqueror"
    • 1066, Battle of Hastings

France, ca. 1100
Louis VI "the Fat," d.1137
Normandy (former Vikings)

Alix (Champagne) = Louis VII (France) = Eleanore (Aquitaine) = Henry II (England)
                 ______|____                  ___|___                     ____|____
                |                     |                 |            |                    |                 |
             Philip II        Agnes         Marie     Alix            Richard I       John

Crusades
armed pilgrimage

1. 1095 - 1101 (Jerusalem)
2. 1140s (Levant)
3. 1190s (Jerusalem)
4. 1204 (Byzantium)
5. ca. 1220 (Damietta, Egypt)

Byzantium
Turks

John I (and only), king of England
1215, Magna Carta

• parliament (tax)
• due process (jury)
• limited monarchy

University

• Paris
• Oxford
• Bologna

Scholasticism
disputation

• Philosophy
• Theology
• Medicine
• Law
  • Gratian, Decretum (ca. 1140), or Concordia discordantium canonicum

Canon Law
Roman Law
English Common Law - Magna Carta (1215)
bureaucracy

Trade / Economy

• long-distance trade
• lively economy

Spirituality

• Gothic style
• mendicant orders
  • Franciscans
  • Dominican

Crisis of Fourteenth Century

• Little Ice Age
  • famine, 1315-17
  • city walls, ca. 1340
• Plague (1347-50)
  • bubonic
  • pneumonic
  • septicemic
• Babylonian Captivity of the Church
  • Pope Benedict VIII - unam sanctam (1302)
  • Avignon papacy (1305-1378)
  • Great Schism (1378 - 1415)
    • Clement VII
    • Urban VI
    • Martin V
  • Council of Constance (1415)
    • ecumenical
    • conciliarism (vs. infallability)
    • John Hus (1369-1415)
• 100 Years' War

Average age of marriage in Florence, Italy