Age of Revolutions
French/republican
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
| liberty | political | rule of law republicanism freedom of... |
| economic | property |
public opinion > public sphere
Intelligencer
Tatler
Economic?
bourgeoisie
capital
Agricultural
Rise in Population
| England | France | Germany | |
| 1800 | 10 million | 27 million | 25 million |
| 1850 | 21 million | ||
| 1900 | 36 million | 40 million | 50 million |
| 2000 | 60 million | 60 million | 80 million |
Deaths per 1000 people per year
| 1850 | ~ 35 per 1000 per year |
| 1890 | ~ 28 " |
| 1940 | ~ 18 " |
| 2007 | U.S. = 8 " |
machines
crop rotation
new species
management
Industrial
| Textiles | 1733 - flying shuttle 1760s - spinning jenny 1770s - spinning mills 1793 - cotton gin |
| Steam engine | 1769 (by James Watt) |
| Mining |
|
Thomas Carlyle, Sartor Resartus (1834)
"Produce! Produce!
Were it but the pitifullest infinitesimal fraction of a Product, produce it,
in God's name!
'Tis the utmost thou hast in thee: out with it, then.
Up, up! Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy whole might.
Work while it is called To-day;
for the Night cometh, wherein no man can work."
Challenges
Empire
hegemony
colonies
imperialism
"...the introduction of the essential parts of European civilization into a country densely populated, grossly ignorant, steeped in idolatrous superstition, unenergetic, fatalistic, indifferent to most of what we regard as the evils of life and preferring the response of submitting to them to the trouble of encountering and trying to improve them."