Igneous Causes

James Hutton (1727-97)

Theory of the Earth (a genre of natural history)
worldviews

• Aristotelianism
• Neo-platonism
• Corpustular philosophy

René Descartes, Le monde (1633)
vaults (geosyncline)

Time

• chronology, science of...
• periodization

James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh (Ireland), 1650
October 23, 4004 B.C.

N. Steno, Solids encased in solids (1667)
Leibniz, Protogaea (the well dug at Amsterdam)
Buffon, Histoire naturelle, 1749-88
cooling earth

Abraham Gottlob Werner

• Aqueous causes
• Primary (granite, gneiss, etc.)
• Transition (graywacke)
• Secondary (limestone, sandstone, slate, shale)
• Tertiary (marls, gravels, clay)
• Freyberg Bergakademie (Saxony/Carpathians)
  • A. v. Humboldt, Leo. v. Buch, John Phillips

James Hutton, "System of the Earth, Its Duration & Stability," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (March 7 and April 4, 1785),

James Hutton, "Theory of the Earth," Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1 (1788): 209-304.

James Hutton, Theory of the Earth, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: Creech, 1795)

angular unconformity

• Jedburgh
• Siccar Point